The Executive Vice Chairman of the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), Prof. Umar Danbatta, has received a Distinguished Award from the Association of Telecommunications Companies of Nigeria (ATCON).

The Award was presented to the EVC in his office in Abuja today (Thursday, August 19, 2020) by ATCON President, Olusola Teniola in company of the association’s Executive Secretary, Ajibola Olude.  

Teniola said the award was in appreciation of the laudable contribution of the EVC of NCC towards the successful hosting of ATCON’s virtual national dialogue held for the industry on August 6, 2020.

According to Teniola, ATCON is recognising and appreciating the EVC “for being a panel discussant on ‘Meeting the Interests of the Government, Consumers, Telecoms and ICT Companies in the Era of COVID-19 and Post COVID-19 Pandemic Cum Digital Era’ dated August 2000.”

Responding, the EVC appreciated ATCON for the gesture and for the critical role the association is playing in the overall development of the telecoms and ICT industry as a whole.


The Executive Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (EVC/CEO) of the Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC), Prof. Umar Garba Danbatta, has said that the various projects being executed by the Commission and other agencies under the Federal Ministry of Communications and Digital Economy (FMoCDE) have been adding significant value to the digital transformation journey of Nigeria.

Danbatta stated this during the 4th phase of the virtual commissioning of additional 12 digital economy projects implemented by agencies under the Ministry by the Minister, Dr. Isa Ali Ibrahim Pantami, which also coincided with the Minister’s one year anniversary in office.

He commended the Minister for creating a platform for the commissioning of the various projects executed by the agencies under the Ministry, which has helped to showcase the President’s achievements in leveraging Information and Communications Technology (ICT) to propel the economic development of the country.

Addressing the audience at the event, comprising the Chairman of the occasion, Governor Badaru Abubakar of Jigawa State, Federal Ministers, Heads of Agencies and other dignitaries, Danbatta said the projects are auspicious and will have a far-reaching positive impact on Nigerians, who are the ultimate beneficiaries.

Explaining the value-addition, Danbatta stated that “through the various projects, we are building shared and sustainable prosperity for this country. We are also making governance more open and transparent because people are able to participate and have a say in the way and manner the country is governed.”

In addition, the EVC said the “projects will eliminate poverty through skill development; and above all, we are creating a competitive and innovative economy through the promotion of the usage and deployment of various ICT applications and services in the economy.”

According to Danbatta, “all these are value additions that are unprecedented in the sector, noting that the Commission is proud to be associated with the laudable achievements of the Ministry under the leadership of the Hon. Minister of Communications and Digital economy.”

The 12 projects commissioned include the Virtual Examination Centre (VEC) at Enugu State College of Education (Technical), Kano State Emergency Communications Centre (ECC) in Kano State implemented by the NCC.

Three of the projects, including an E-Library at Federal College of Education (Technical) Bichi, Kano State; E-Accessibility Centre (EAC) at Government School for the Deaf, Malumfashi, Katsina State; and School Knowledge Centre (SKC) located at AUD High School, Ikole-Ekiti, Ekiti State, were executed by the Universal Service Provision Fund (USPF) of NCC.

Other commissioned projects, which were executed by the National Information Technology Development Agencies (NITDA) include the Digital Capacity Training Centre in Elkanemi College of Islamic Theology, Yola, Adamawa State; and ICT Innovation Hub at Oyo State Trade Fair Complex, Ibadan, Oyo State.

The projects also include the digital capacity development programme for artisans (DCDP) with centres in Suleja, Niger State; LAUTECH, Ogbomoso, Oyo State; Federal College of Education, Okene, Kogi State; National Institute of Information Technology (NIIT), Owerri, Imo State and Benchils School, Warri, Delta State.

… As FG Inaugurates Gas Transportation Network Code to Boost Gas Penetration

The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) has restated its commitment to working with relevant partners and stakeholders in the Oil and Gas Sector to boost delivery of gas to the domestic market.

The Group Managing Director of NNPC, Mallam Mele Kyari, made the commitment Monday at the launch of the Nigerian Gas Transportation Network Code (NGTNC) which is designed to enhance the use of gas as a catalyst for national economic development.

In a goodwill message at the event, the NNPC GMD said the corporation was at the centre of gas delivery to the domestic market, stressing that it was involved in all the available gas delivery infrastructure in the country either directly or indirectly through joint venture partnership.

He said the inauguration of the Network Code was an opportunity to enhance gas delivery and utilization in furtherance of the Federal Government’s objective of transforming gas into a key component of the nation’s energy mix and revenue sources.

“We will continue to give our support to this process to ensure that the full delivery of this process is achieved. We commit to working closely with the DPR to ensure that the target of the government is attained. This opportunity has provided the right framework for the transportation of gas from the source to the end user in order to get value. We are happy to have this framework on ground and we are ready to collaborate with all our partners, the gas off-takers, gas producers, transportation companies, shippers, and all those involved in the gas value chain,” Mallam Kyari enthused.

Speaking on the significance of the Nigerian Gas Transportation Network Code (NGTNC), the Minister of State for Petroleum Resources, Chief Timipre Sylva, said it would help to grow gas infrastructure, expand gas utilization, curb gas flaring, and provide codes to standardize the gas value chain in line with global best practices.

The Minister said the NGTNC was part of the key reforms instituted by the President Muhammadu Buhari Administration to expand domestic gas-to-power, gas-to-Industry, gas-to-manufacturing and mitigate the challenge associated with gas flaring in the country.

He noted that the gas codes would go a long way in deepening economic development, improve gas supply, boost Liquefied Petroleum Gas supply, and attract more investment opportunities in the nation’s gas value chain.

Chief Sylva commended NNPC and its gas subsidiary, the Nigerian Gas Company (NGC), for partnering with the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) to meet the six-month target to bring the Network Code to life.

Earlier in his welcome remarks, the Director of DPR, Engr. Saraki Auwalu, noted that the Department has emplaced the network code platform and would continue to work with all Industry players for the success of the NGTNC.

The highpoint of the ceremony was the unveiling of the Network Code Electronic Licensing and Administrative System (NCELAS) portal and the supervision of the signing of framework agreements between NGC, Gas Hub, and Dangote Fertilizer Limited by the Minister of State for Petroleum Resources.

The Nigerian Gas Company will serve as the transporter while Gas Hub and Dangote Fertilizer Limited will serve as the shippers, with the Gas Aggregation Company of Nigeria Limited (GACN) in the role of agent as provided by the framework.

Dr. Kennie Obateru
Group General Manager
Group Public Affairs Division
Nigerian national Petroleum Corporation
NNPC Towers, Abuja.


Hi, Nigerians we are here by announced that NIMC have removed the app from google playstore. reason is the app is still in test enviroment and NIMC will upload the app soon, once uploaded we will notify you on that, and while that is going here is the NIMC apk being extracted for you to download and view things your self to know more about the NIMC, and your information, do follow the procedures below on how to download the NIMC apk app. to download the PAK app you have to install the APK installer or look for any APK installer from google playstore then you install the App directly on your phone and login with NIN number and Phone number.

PROCEDURE ON HOW TO DOWNLOAD THE NIMC APK USING THE GIVEN DIRECT LINK BELOW

MWS NIMC Mobile ID APK DOWNLOAD
Hi, For those who finds it difficult to download it from google playstore are required to download the NIMC apk directly through this links below, before downloading ensure your Android phone is up to 5.0+ upwards mean android 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. please note the APK will not work from android 4.0 below even android 4.4.4 below, if you have such phone we recommend you to upgrade it to the latest android versions to enjoy the full feature of the NIMC apk. the following NIMC APK will be downloaded in form of XAPK, because the file extension are converted to xapk, to install the xapk. Mpst phones comes with XAPK installer or built in xapk installer. if your phone does not have the xapk extension we recommend you to install the xapk android installer, to install the MWS NIMC Mobile ID apk extension on your phone. here are the details below to download and nstall
XAPK Android Installer extention to install APK files
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/nbedooncdh7x1xe/XAPK-Installer_v2.2.2.apk?dl=0
MWS NIMC Mobile ID V1.9 for Android 5.0+
MWS NIMC Mobile ID_v1.9_xapk (50.0 MB) for Android x86-64bit and Android arm64-v8a only
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/263mmlj8yx8r32x/MWS%20NIMC%20Mobile%20ID_v1.9_apkpure.com.xapk?dl=0
MWS NIMC Mobile ID_v1.9_xapk (34.5 MB) for Android phone armeabi-v7a only
https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/s/789fymvg2ag33ad/MWS%20NIMC%20Mobile%20ID_v1.9_apkpure.com%20%281%29.xapk?dl=0
with the MWS NIMC Mobile ID you can view and print the NIN slip online, check date of birth and information about your NIMC, Verify NIN number and more features embeded. remember after installing the MWS NIMC Mobile ID visit https://dashboard.nimc.gov.ng to print your NIN slip online using the MWS NIMC Mobile ID APP
To enrol for any Child and adult Download the NIMC Enrollment form for Adult and Children through your whatsapp; to Download it , chat/whatsapp +2347015309813 and the admin will send the form straight to your whatsapp, Download it, Print it and fill the form for both children and adult whom you want to register with, then take the form to any NIMC enrolment center when they resume. thank you

For those who have not enrolled for the NIMC Data base both Adult and Childtrn can Download the NIMC Enrollment form for Adult and Children through your whatsapp; to Download it chat/whatsapp +2347015309813 and the admin will send the form straight to your whatsapp, Download it, Print it and fill the form for both children and adult whom you want to register with, then take the form to any NIMC enrolment center when they resume. thank you

Supporting Documents
Walk into the nearest NIMC Enrolment Centre with your BVN if you have one and any of the following required Original and Valid supporting documents:
Old National ID Card
Driver’s License
Voter’s card (Temporary or Permanent)
Nigerian International passport
Certificate of Origin
Attestation letter from a prominent ruler in your community
Birth certificate
Declaration of age
Attestation letter from religious/traditional leader
NHIS ID card
Government staff ID card
Registered/recognized private organization staff ID card
School ID Card (private/public)
Tax Clearance certificate
Valid immigration documents

The Director General, National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), Mallam Kashifu Inuwa Abdullahi, CCIE has disclosed that the Agency has identified university as a key stakeholder in achieving digital economy.

The DG made this known while receiving a delegation from Yusuf Maitama Sule, North-West University, Kano, led by the Acting Vice Chancellor, Professor Aliyu Musa. The delegation was on a courtesy visit to the Agency’s Corporate Headquarters to seek for the Agency’s intervention in area of IT deployment and training.

Mallam Abdullahi stated that the greatest resources needed in achieving a developed country in terms of technology, innovations and entrepreneurship is human capital and University produces those human capitals.
He emphasized that there is a need for a close collaboration between Higher Institutions, industry and government to enable a smooth flow of information on what is required, so that the students can been trained accordingly.

The NITDA boss asserted that “we drive knowledge based economy and we need your support to develop the sector. The higher institutions are the primary place for anybody coming to the work place as they have to pass through you to get all the knowledge to be in the work place.”

He explained that “Never before has the need for strong partnership between the industry and the university become more critical as it is today because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Nigeria before rely on some many things from other countries but with the pandemic we have realized that every country need to build its capacity internally.”

Earlier, Professor Aliyu noted that the university was at the Agency to seek for collaboration and interventions in terms of virtual learning, IT infrastructure and training with the objective of developing ICT education through the University.

NITDA

South Africa’s Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies Stella Ndabeni-Abrahams is set to deliver the opening keynote at AI Expo Africa 2020.

The expo, which will this year be held as an online event, will take place on 3 and 4 September. Now in its third year, AI Expo Africa is the continent’s largest trade-focused Artificial Intelligence, Robotic Process Automation, and Data Science business conference.

Minister Ndabeni-Abrahams stated, “This event is taking place at a time when the whole world is grappling with new realities and a new normal brought about by the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Advances in artificial intelligence technologies hold the promise of bringing us closer to finding lasting solutions to help us solve the challenges we are facing as humanity. The world is undergoing fundamental changes due to advances in technology and progress made in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Similarly the continent and my country South Africa, are going through same profound changes”

This year’s speaker line-up features keynotes by Kay Firth-Butterfield, Head of AI and Machine Learning at the World Economic Forum; Neil Sahota, IBM Master Inventor, UN AI expert and lecturer at University of California, and Fred Werner, Head of Strategic Engagement at the International Telecommunication Union, and Bayo Adekanmbi, CTO MTN Nigeria and founder of Data Science Nigeria, as well as Prof Tshilidzi Marwala, and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Johannesburg and Deputy Head of the 4IR Commission of South Africa.

AI Expo Africa 2020 has drawn heavyweight vendors like SAP, Huawei Cloud, Blue Prism, UiPath, Intel, Dell, Microsoft and Genesys who will be exhibiting their solutions and products at the expo. They will be joined by a contingent of local startups that includes Ashanti AI, Botlhale AI Solutions, DotModus, Predictive Insights, FinChatBot, FIRtech, Learning Machines, Kenai, Heat Vision A.I, WizzPass, Zindi, Synthesis and Future Fragment.

The expo will also feature dedicated French, Dutch and Swiss pavilions where startups from the three respective countries will showcase their AI and Data Science innovations and solutions.

In addition, delegates can also look forward to an Intel Youth in AI ePavilion which aims to foster inclusion of youth-focused AI entities and initiatives.

Nick Bradshaw, co-founder of AI Media Group curators of AI Expo Africa stated, “This is the 3rd year of us running the AI Expo Africa event and with he impact of COVID we have taken the entire community online this year. It means we can reach more countries and include more people. Uniquely this platform not only allows us to run our 2 day business event, but it also serves as a 30 day learning platform after the main event end. All the talks, vendor booths, posters and content are available for young people, students, entrepreneurs and learners from across South Africa and wider Africa to join us and learn about the latest technology driving the 4IR in Africa. Its a great opportunity for big business to find new buyers and suppliers, for start-ups to find more clients, and for young people to learn and even find a job. The reach of this online eConference will be bigger that our previous two shows – we cant wait to welcome everyone on 3rd September.”

Ondo State, a South Western state that can be said to me unique is once again leading the pack! Demonstrating leadership skills and the need to attract investment in the state.

Recently,Rotimi Akeredolu,the Executive Governor of the state attended the padding out parade of the first recruit of local and regional security outfit known as “Amotekun” literally meaning tiger or leopard.

This regional security outfit is coming at a time that the region is facing insecurities and stakeholders are seeing that these insecurities might lead to hostilities. It is believed that in some quarters that this outfit would augment the overstressed central police force! Though some school of thought aren’t in tune or agreement with the outfit saying that it might lead or evolve to regional militias!

Speaking on the outfit,Innocent Adulugba said ” I pray that Yoruba can hold Amotekun from external infiltration and it can be used as a bergaining chip in the central. “

Tosin Ajisafe said that ” it is a good avenue for job creation but I know that it would be abused as times go on.”

Micheal Alonge “I hope that it will not go the way of OPC, those guys are something else.”

“I hope that these guys are properly trained and not end up harrasing innocent citizens as most of these uniformed folks do”,Ijeoma Uchendu concluded

“Western Nigeria Security Network (WNSN) codenamed Operation Amotekun (Leopard), is a security outfit based in all the six states of the South Western, Nigeria, responsible for curbing insecurity in the region.[1] It was founded on 9 January 2020 in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria as the first regional security outfit initiated by a geopolitical zone in Nigeria”, Wikipedia

Anthony Emeka Nwosu writes from Lagos

Imo State is the Capital of Young people Unemployment in Nigeria; A Call for Serious Concern by Esiobu Nnaemeka Success

According to the recent Unemployment data released by #NBS, about 48.70% of young people who are ready to work in Imo State are not doing anything. In fact, they are jobless for a clear understanding.

Additionally, from the combined effect, approximately 75.10% of young people in Imo State are either unemployed or underemployed.

We cant be leading in this Area my Able Governor, This, therefore, calls for urgent concern Sir.

It is noteworthy that this ideal and jobless population can be channelled to a more useful purpose by Imo State Government.

Given this, I am humbly appealing to Our Government, strongly led by ”’Onwa’ to see how his 3R government can help channel the youthful energy of this Imo jobless population to more productive use.

I truly appreciate all the work our Able Sen. Hope Uzodinma have been doing so far. But like Oliver twist, I want to “Ask for More on behalf of Young people of IMO STATE”

However, I humbly asked that let your government create more opportunity for this population who are also ready to work. I truly trust what your working team (3R) can do.

One of the ways to fight crime and social vices is by creating jobs for teeming young ideal population. This assertion is evident and highly Verifiable.

I also want to commend your government strive on-critical road construction across Imo State. This is so great. This is because good transportation network is indeed instrumental in interconnecting all businesses to all major State and interstate markets, driving trade, creating employment, ensuring a better distribution of wealth and uniting mankind. It plays a crucial role in the daily economic and social life of industrialized and developing countries alike. For this reason, any effort on road network is an even greater asset for the Imo State economy as a whole. Thanks in this area Sir.

Going forward Sir, Agriculture has proven to be one of the ways to reduce unemployment. I want to go forward by recommending that Grants or interest-free loan with at least 5 years payback period should be provided for young Imolites who would want to venture in any agribusiness sector. This grant/loan should be provided after your Government have provided tailored specific agricultural training for those interested.

Moving On, your government can provide tailored skilled education and training to unemployed young people in Imo State. The aim is to give the long-term unemployed new skills which enable them to find jobs in developing industries across Nigeria and Mainly in Imo State.

Let me pause here Sir.

Ultimately, Sir, I pray that at the next unemployment data to be released by #NBS, Imo State will not only drop from being the capital of #Unemployment but the capital of #Employment

across Nigeria.

Esiobu Nnaemeka

“Everyone in the citadel doubts everything. That is their job.
But the tales of the long night can’t be pure fabrication. Too many similarities from unconnected sources.
In the citadel, we are the world’s memory, Samwell Tarly
Without us, men would be little better than dogs; don’t remember any meal but the last; can’t see forward to any, but the next.


And anytime you leave the house and shut the door, they howl, like you’re gone forever.
When Robert’s rebellion was raging, people thought the end was near; The end of the Targaryen Dynasty;
“How will we survive?” When Aegon Targaryen turned his eyes westward, and flew his dragon to Bluewater Rush.
“The end is near! How will we survive?”
And thousands of years before then, during the long night, we forgive them thinking it was the end.
But it wasn’t. None of it was.
The Wall stood through it all.
And every winter that ever came, has ended”

  • Archmaester. In Game of Thrones Season 7

I came across this remarkable conversation watching my collection of Game of Thrones yesterday and it spoke to me. We live in a season of fear, where 90% of the world have bought into the idea that we have to hide else we all die. Some call it social distancing. We have granted unto governments around the world, all of our rights, and retrieving them back will prove more herculean in some jurisdictions more than others. But every winter that has come, has also ended. Human beings have changed many things in the world. We are smart – well some are much smarter than others – but none can claim to be in total control of the earth and all its elements. The winter that has set upon us promises to be long and harsh. The night is also long and spooky. But the sun will shine in the morning. May we not die in despair, in hopelessness, in depression, in fear, in trepidation, especially for what we have not seen, which someone has described very vividly to us, and which we are barred from questioning, from doubting. Members of today’s Citadel must remember, that we are the memories of the world, it’s very conscience, and humanity relies on our constructive interrogation, lest we all live lives that are lower than dogs.

UNPACKING MY TAKE ON COVID-19
Given my experience in life in general, I have since learnt not to take most things on the surface. It is always great to triangulate information, to corroborate using two or more sources. And so, when the Covid 19 story broke, I had cause to do the same. I ferreted for information, given that there were equivocations on the part of those at the centre of it. It doesn’t matter if global agencies were in the centre of it all. Human beings run global agencies and antecedents show that human beings get up to all sorts. I was amazed at the use of fear by medical people to propel a medical issue. I asked questions and was told by some medics that that was the right thing to do; use fear. By training though, when someone tries to activate my emotions – especially fear or greed – my armor snaps in place. I started losing respect for science, and for those medical people. How can you say there was no escape from a disease? How can you ask people not to boost their immunities? Do we just crawl into a corner and die? If you say tens of millions of Africans will die, how can you ask them not to try anything that can help them? Are you also saying all the professors, PhDs and so on we have are useless? How did our ancestors survive before you showed up? Those and many more were questions swirling through my mind.

BODIES ON THE STREETS OF AFRICA
Melinda wasn’t the first to say this. Her hubby had been repeating it. So, they sponsored a famous simulation just six weeks before this disease broke in China, in which they concluded that 65million people will die in 18 months. Johns Hopkins University, which chaired the simulation, has had to issue a disclaimer on its website denying, albeit feebly, that that simulation does not have anything to do with what started six weeks later. Nothing at all, except that the name (new-coronavirus), the diagram, and much more were exactly the same. Our people usually say when the witch cries at night and the baby dies in the morning you know who to hold. Johns Hopkins may put up a brave face today but it is grossly embarrassed by being part of that event, which it may have considered a mere academic exercise. The WHO, CDC, and Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation were also there, alongside super corporates like Johnson & Johnson (which is one of the proposed vaccine suppliers), Lufthansa (which may now go under), Marriot (which, like other hotels is feeling much pains right now), and ANZ Bank, among others.

One thing that those who find my views grating at this point – some of whom have called me names – will find it hard to deny is that I have been right on the issue of numbers of calamity. At 11 dead, 373 affected and 91 discharged as I type this, we haven’t done badly, and it will not only be because of social distancing, isolation and what not, but there has to be other factors. This morning as I took a walk, I saw members of one Covid TaskForce in yellow reflective jackets, stuffing themselves 6 in a car on their way to work. No one wore masks. I also saw loads of Civil Defense personnel in the same conditions. I went to the market yesterday and most of our people interacted the way they always have. The market was still as dirty as it has always been. People milled around communally, to eat or to chat the way they always have. The culture shock demanded by Covid is turning out to be too much to ask. Africa’s casualty number has remained low, and this has become quite embarrassing to the ones who sponsored or participated in the simulation, such that they are making further postulations that millions will die here by the fall and winter. I found a couple of research articles online yesterday. Dalhatu et al (2012) writing in the Journal of Infectious Diseases about influenza viruses in Nigeria, stated that our flu season is between November and March of every year. It is possible that Nigeria has overcome the worst for this season. But I believe Covid will keep reoccurring, vaccine or no vaccine. The idea of vaccinating 7billion people at once is flawed. For one, how do they access conflict zones, in Afghanistan, Kurds in Iraq and Turkey, Easten Congo, Northern Burkina Faso, North East Nigeria, and parts of Niger and Chad that are under Boko Haram territory? And once you leave 100,000 people un-vaccinated somewhere, the model breaks down. We may be in for a long season of fear and blackmail. Other opinions and ideas must be brought on board and by all means.

BILL GATES.
He inserted himself in too deep in the whole issue. Granted he has given much charity for Africa but as I heard him talk, I could see someone with a few hinges missing. You will never know because he is rich. That someone has done well to Africa in the past doesn’t mean their intentions cannot be mad then next time, or perhaps that they can make grave mistakes. I don’t look for conspiracy theories on Gates, but I just listen to what he has to say and watch his body language. The first time I heard him speak when this Covid broke out, I concluded he was angry with Africa, Nigeria in particular. It could be that he is frustrated that he had spent much here with little results. Some of his funds were also serially embezzled especially in Nigeria. But the more I listened to his subsequent interviews the more alarmed I became. He is not just angry with the Nigerian government but all of us. He can no longer stomach our tardiness. He is also angry with the way the world has turned out and will want to make some immediate changes. Nobody should underestimate the influence of a single man who in some quarters is known as the world’s most important doctor, even though he is not a medical doctor. His investments in health alone, grants him the respect of global leaders. But also, everybody needs checks and balanced at the end of the day. And it seems, that with all the sponsored simulations and investments in vaccine companies, we are dealing with someone with insider information or a dangerous monopoly. His prognosis on Africa – delivered in between chuckles, smirks and smugness, is dire. At best he believes millions will die while we wait for 18 months for vaccines to be ready. And when ready, we have to get rich nations to sponsor the vaccines for us. In the interregnum between when the vaccines are ready (and he has invested in all the companies that could produce them), he believes countries like the USA should not allow people from Africa in, except if we can show a certificate (of vaccination), which will be introduced. I don’t know by whom.

THE VALUE OF CULTURE.
You don’t have to agree with me on Gates’ power. However, he is being sought for his opinions on this more than anyone else on earth today – certainly more than any president. Billions tune in to hear what he has to say, and billions revere his every word. I used to, until this incidence. Now, I think something is off. In spite of his visits to Africa, is there any possibility he suffers from something we don’t know? What if? A mere OCD will do – Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Those guys love their things to be in a certain way. They hate filth. They hate disorder. Gates is almost certainly borderline genius and most geniuses are a bit autistic, which also ties with OCD in a way. Anyhow, anyone can check the threads that run through his interviews. Just two days ago, it was an interview titled ‘The World Will Change Forever After Covid’, granted to the Editor-in-Chief of LinkedIn. Now, forever is a long time and I believe forever is too large to give away without negotiation, even in the face of a pandemic. What more? Gates says schools and factories may resume after a stretch of time, but he doesn’t see why restaurants should ever be full again. He sees no reason behind stadiums, and all those contact sports. Thousands of careers could be over in that realm. Forget about bars and nightclubs. Given his oversized influence on WHO and CDC, and of course every government in the world – especially in Africa – is Gates imposing his opinion on humanity? As I visited the local market here yesterday and suddenly I began to realize the importance of our culture, warts and all. I have proposed, that we try and seize the moment to achieve broad reforms, but we have to be wary of altogether dumping our cultures for what a single billionaire thinks is the only ideal way of living. In sociology there are no perfect cultures. For example, the US Democrats are supporting Gates and the WHO push, in a bid to rid of Trump. But the last time they were there, they were pushing a global same-sex culture. Are we walking into a trap with this singularity of culture business? I see this as a chess game. We have to see the end from the beginning – or at least the middle. And we have to consider all sides of the arguments and all possibilities. Gates has softened his rhetoric a little in the past week, due to criticisms, but intelligent people will see what he has achieved already

DEAD AFRICANS ON THE STREET
Anyone can proffer anything they want actually, but when people make statement like there will be dead bodies on the streets of Africa, it is time for Africans themselves to band together and do something. First it is important to push that rhetoric away else someone uses that as opportunity to do something crazy. But it is also important to organize ourselves around the things that matter, and use our own intelligence to try and solve our problems. As I have stated earlier, our solution here may not lie in ventilators and hospital beds and test kits. We could as well treat every case of bad flu as COVID19 in Africa, but lean more on the therapeutic drugs (Chloroquine/Azithromycin etc). We have no time here to slice and dice like the Americans are doing, resisting drugs that many tests around the world have shown to be marginally effective. We must position ourselves, to tackle this disease first from our homes, to the primary health care centres to the general hospitals and onwards. Every medical doctor in Nigeria must know what to do, and as much as possible, get the right Personal Protective Equipment for their work immediately – or improvise. This is not the time to rue our fate and complain about what we have not achieved in the past. This is not the time to abuse and curse government. It is not the time for politics. It is not the time to remember how useless the Nigerian Medical Association is, as some are doing. We have none other but our medical doctors, and our sitting government, at this time. We must make the most of them, and assist them where we can. I have placed bets that our people will not die by the millions, and well, for now, I am winning – even though regrettably there is no monetary value attached to those bets. My theory is that something inhibits the spread of Covid in Nigeria, or more accurately, the morbidity attached to it here. It may be our conditioning over decades, or that the way we treat flu is more proactive, or that we self-medicate, or that we have local remedies that work. For sure, every Nigerian knows that we are likely to have thousands of COVID 19 patients in Nigeria by now, many of whom escaped through the cracks in a society where body contact is rife. But we are not seeing unusual deaths in our communities arising from respiratory issues, at least not yet. In all these, millions of our people live in conditions that will shame Covid 19! How can we help those environments without necessarily oppressing those hapless people? Where is our policy on housing, environment, education, water, health and the things that really matter towards humanizing our people? We must never let a disaster go to waste. Milton Friedman, a proponent of Disaster Capitalism, made it clear what nations can achieve in a time like this. I may not agree with all his postulations though.

THE SCIENCE AND THE DATA
Forgive me, but I never knew there was so much ambiguity in science. I used to think it was lawyers and economists who never agreed on anything within their fields. But with COVID, we non-medical people are thoroughly confused. So we have seen Covid morph from a disease transmitted by bats and non-transmissible among humans, to a super bug that transits among humans, transmits back to animals, stays on surfaces for days – some could even say weeks or forever – does not resist heat, hangs in the air for minutes, gets defecated in the toilet and hangs in the air for hours with the smell of poo, and how we hear that humans may have been transmitting COVID19 through farting! The science has morphed a lot and some humble scientists have admitted that a lot gets made up as we go along and learn some more. Fair enough. But where I am from, there is a limit to which you can build masquerades if you don’t want people to resist it altogether. So, if we are supposed to be afraid of everything – remember the fear factor at the foundations of COVID – then we may choose to fear nothing. I watched one Hausa-speaking guy yesterday on WhatsApp, wash his hands and drink the water, while hurling curses at Covid and the government. Nigerians are fatalistic. Hunger is one of our basest instincts, and diseases are secondary to some. Many have become very frustrated over time that they don’t scare easily. Our suburbs are bubbling with activities at night, though reduced from the normal levels. How many can the police hope to arrest?

The science and the statistics still don’t jive. When I saw info that the US may be dumping the flawed WHO model (similar to what Johns Hopkins/WHO/BMGF/CDC built in October 2019), I was happy. It may not be true but it will still come. There is something patently wrong with lumping up all sorts of deaths and calling them Covid19 deaths just to achieve a large figure and continue scaring the world. As a fact, COVID could be said not to have achieved pandemic levels yet, or not to be as deadly as being touted, because usually the number of flu deaths should be netted off at the end. CDC records show that each year, between 250,000 and 600,000 people die of flu all over the world. Covid, despite the lumping up of figures, or the reliance on models with often crazy assumptions, has killed about 130,000 as I type this. The number – according to the simulations – is meant to be at least 5million by now, and eventually 65million. An embarrassed Johns Hopkins University is trying to fight the fire. But some people look to Africa to supply the number. They say the many millions will come from here. It must never come from here. Look, if 1million people will die in Nigeria, the rest of us will die from the stench and the infection. We cannot handle a million dead people. Not even 100,000 people. This is not 1912. However, luckily there are things we have today which we did not have in 1912. A much better education, communication and exposure for one. Access to sundry medicine as well. And I hope, a strong will to continue living. Even the ability to write something as strong as I have written today, was scarce in those day. I am not beholden to any white man and will stand up for my people any day.

The statistics bear some extra scrutiny. Some countries have not conducted many tests but have high fatalities. Yet others have conducted many tests with low fatalities. Australia has conducted over 370,000 tests with 63 deaths. Russia has conducted 1.6million test with 198 deaths. UAE, 648,000 tests with 28 deaths. This means that clearly it may not be so fatal in some countries. But a country like France conducted 334,000 tests with over 16,000 deaths, Ecuador, 25,000 tests with 369 deaths (curiously it is this same Ecuador that is being used as example of dead bodies on the streets. Are they unable to bury 369 people?). Algeria has only performed 3,400 tests but has 326 people dead. South Africa has conducted 82,000 tests but has incurred 27 fatalities. The figures swing wildly, with more deaths occurring in developed countries with very advanced health systems. Are they mismanaging peoples’ health? Or are they reporting large figures just to gain people’s attention? Something is certainly amiss. Those who know how to juggle figures are free to look up the stats at worldometers.info/coronavirus/.

THE ECONOMY IS DEADLIER
From Agege to Otta in Lagos and Ogun State, we have seen young boys on the streets, robbing en masse in broad daylight and at night in a new phenomenon of urban banditry. Boko Haram started just like that before it became a monster. Once young boys taste blood, they hardly go back. These boys had been in society, often neglected or ignored. Their typical day is spent in dreamy stupor, from drugs and alcohol. Their nights even in more stupor in different bars and clubs. Nigeria does not have a very bad drug problem though, compared to some other places I have been. But we have a problem. The population of those boys is a hard thing to control. We have also seen looting, not only by these cult boys, but by ordinary citizens, many of them children. A truck of bread or rice. Anything is up for grabs. We have seen families scooping palm oil from the gutters. We seem to have ignored for too long, just how quickly poverty can get desperate and grating in Nigeria. Like elsewhere in the world, most Nigerians live from hand to mouth. Perhaps a bit more than elsewhere. However, in Nigeria, there are no elaborate credit schemes that can allow you to buy whatever you want, no government to get your back if you are out of a job, and the dependency from extended families means that the little you have is spread thin, rendering you the lucky worker, poor. Until you are laid off that is. Right now, millions of Nigerians who work in any of the 41million MSMEs in Nigeria are as good as sacked. I tried to convince a friend the other day to at least keep his staff for one more month. He said he will pay them off for one week (of March) and send them away. Many of such people, earning anything like N30,000 to N90,000 monthly, will fall straight into food poverty after the first month. If people who earn more, say N500,000 monthly are unable to save (except if corrupt by doing deals), how much more these kinds of people. Then there are those who have been living on the fringes of life from time immemorial; those who didn’t complete their education, or are otherwise unlucky. Nigeria has millions of those, whom we must never ignore.

The economic challenge is for us, the greater challenge, because it cycles back to the other challenges. A broke nation is unable to take advantage of a crisis such as this, except she gets very ingenuous, and very quickly too. A collapsed economy is unable to raise taxes, or even obtain liquidity from her natural resources. Where is our crude oil today? If the economy totally collapses, that is when we will supply the millions of dead bodies that have been demanded of us; because little ailments will become untreatable, malnutrition will drop our people’s remaining immunity against COVID and other diseases, and general societal malaise will have us running and bumping into each other, creating casualties along the way. Nigeria will do well, to have a medium to long term vision, despite tackling the short term challenge that is Covid19. Only the strong survive, only the wise excel… only the lonely, die slowly – MC Lite.

TOPE FASUA

In this essay, I use “akwa isiagụ” as metaphor to illustrate that Ndigbo have not done exactly well to preserve their language and culture. I posit they have abandoned their unique cultural symbol. That they are now parading a symbol of foreign popular culture as their foremost emblem. But I also present perspectives that might ignite a quest for self-rediscovery.

Akwa Isiagụ

Akwa isiagụ is the clothing fabric patterned with motifs showing fierce-looking lion’s head and mane. Some designs show a less stern lion’s head, with two or three cow horns besides it.

Since the last 50 to 60 years Igbos have managed to portray this fabric design as their classic cultural emblem. In fact, as something of a totem. Igbo chiefs and nze and ọzọ titleholders use it to make their ceremonial gears. At native marriage ceremonies and similar cultural events, isiagụ garments of different colours and styles grace the day. Igbo people feel a certain sense of pride when they dress in isiagụ attire. Even non-Igbos regard isiagụ as being to Igbos what the tartan is to Scots. Or the yarmulke is to Jews. Such is the impression, that when they are identifying with or participating at an Igbo traditional practice (eg taking an Igbo chieftaincy), they dress in isiagụ gear. Recent examples include President Buhari, Fayose, Zuma.

But this is an imported foreign popular culture. Neither the lion nor the lion icon has any significance in Igbo cultural foundations. Indeed, using the descriptor ‘isiagụ’ to refer to a lion’s head motif is wrong use of the word “agụ”.

Incorrect Language

Agụ is not lion in Igbo. Agụ is leopard. Folks have written about this before, and I’ve discussed in other forums on the subject. It is pitiful that it remains a source of confusion to many adult Igbos. There is just little understanding of Igbo origins and names of the feline (cat species) animals. You hear all manner of names that contradict biogeography. Like, “agụ is lion, and ọdụm is tiger”. Or, “agụ is lion, and leopard is edi abalị”.

But let’s clear this

Just as jaguars and cougars are found only in the Americas, tigers inhabit only in Eurasia. They do not belong to the fauna (native animals) of sub-Saharan Africa. Ancient Igbos did not see nor know about tiger, so did not have an indigenous name for it.

Edi or edi abalị is the African civet. One of the 38 viverridae species, it is slightly smaller than the leopard. A carnivore, no doubt, but it is timider, less agile and far less specialised in opportunistic hunting. It has a broadly cat-like general appearance, but its muzzle is more pointed than that of a typical feline. Leopard has distinctive camouflage spots that help it to use forest canopies for cover, enhancing its abilities for surprise hunting, But the African civet typically has black and white spots.

A nocturnal creature that sleeps for about 20 hours a day, the ancient Igbos knew the edi abalị very well. Which is why Igbos still use “edi” as metaphor to refer to a person who sleeps a lot. The leopard is bold, agile, versatile, and highly admired in Igbo cultural foundations. But edi is loathed and associated with negativity, because it smells and relies more on con and coy to lure its preys. That’s also why in Igbo language “edi aghụghọ” is a metaphor that references a deceptive person.

Knowledge of the Igbo language structure will indicate agụ is not lion. Many Igbo words were created from metaphorical use of existing words. To form names for creatures or objects, Igbos often devised a two-word metaphor comparing what is sought to be named to an another named object or creature. For example, ụlọ is house, and school is “ụlọ-akwụkwọ” (house for books), while hospital is “ụlọ ọgwụ” (house for medication).

Leopard – agụ – preys on mammals and has spots on its furs. That is why the wall gecko, that preys on insects and has spots, is called agụ ụlọ (ie house leopard). And the crocodile, that preys on water creatures and has patches that resemble the leopard’s spots, is called agụ iyi (leopard of the waters). Similarly, the palm genet, a small mammal that resembles the squirrel but unlike the squirrel has spots on its furs, is called “agụ nkwụ”. In contrast.] the lion has no spots on its furs. The lion’s fur is generally plane brown.

The leopard is Igbo animal totem

Being about 3 times the size of a leopard, the lion is stronger and sometimes even preys on the leopard. The Igbo say “ọdụm na-egbu agụ”. Despite this, the lion has no special recognition in Igbo cultural systems. Ancient Igbos likely did not even have any or much contact with lion as a species. For whereas leopards inhabit in rainforests (although they are very adaptable and thrive in other vegetations), lions inhabit mainly in savannah or grasslands. Savannah vegetation do not exist (and likely never existed) in Igboland. Igboid areas sit generally on lowland rainforest.

A lion can occasionally stray into a rainforest or can refuge there if persecuted in its usual habitat. It must have been in such circumstances that Igbos came to know about the lion. Yet that was not enough to diminish their fascination for the leopard, a beast with which they had contended for thousands and thousands of years.

It should be noted that whilst leopards operate solitarily, lions are the most social of the cat species. Lions operate in close-knit social groups called “pride”. Ethologists (scholars of animal behaviours) have observed that this sociality makes the lion a better communicator than other big cats. But it means lions roar frequently and easily broadcast their presence and emotions. Conversely, a leopard’s solitary lifestyle makes it less detectable, and more perceptive and reactive to intrusion. For this reason, its senses of vision and hearing are sharper than those of a lion. Ancient Igbos witnessed this first-hand. They saw how a leopard, hiding stealthily amongst forest canopies, would detect the slightest animal or human movement, and chase and pounced savagely.

In forest environment, a lion has little chance to fight down the more agile leopard. A lion’s size and weight render it less agile to climb high. But a leopard can climb to the top an iroko tree in less than 10 seconds. Leopard is probably the only big mammal that can descend a tree head first. It uses its long tail to maintain perfect aerodynamic balance.

With top average speed of about 80 km per hour, lion is faster than leopard. But it can only run for very short bursts and needs to be close to its prey before starting an attack. But the leopard can run for far longer stretches, at average top speed of about 58 km per hour. A leopard can make a single leap of over 6m (20 ft) horizontally and can jump up to 3 m (9.8 ft) vertically. And it is a powerful swimmer. Although its vision is sharpest in the dark, it can equally be eagle-eyed in the day.

Incredibly versatile, leopard hunts on land, up on the trees and in water. On the trees it can out-manoeuvre specialised climbers and jumpers, including monkeys and baboons. Leopards have been observed leaping and snatching a monkey with a bite mid-air and regaining grip of tree branches. That is, it successfully launches mid-air strike from a treetop and lands back on the tree. It goes into rivers and streams where it overpowers creatures like alligators, and hauls them off the water, all the way up a tree.

A silent predator, when discreteness will give it advantage, it can be elusive. It has a pad of tissue in the flat of its claws that act as silencers when it walks. It can literally hide in plain sight. When it tucks itself in between the fork of tree branches, it just blends with the tree trunk. It can create optical illusion to deceive its prey, including humans. A Leopard will coil its head and tail into its bodyand crouch flat on the ground appearing like dry wood lying about. Very patient. If its target are animals in a troop, it can hold its cool and then attack the last of the troop from behind.

When persecuted by humans a leopard is more likely to fight back than is a lion. And it does not target one out of a group. It will attack one person after another. Reason the Igbo say “ofu agụ na-achụ mba” (a single leopard can sack a town).

For thousands of years the Maasai people of Kenya have practiced the art of emerging from hiding to scare lions away from their kill and take it home for meet. But a leopard will drag its kill in its mouth and climb a tree. It climbs a tree carrying in its mouth a carcass far heavier than its own size. Animals like bull, giraffe, antelope. In those days, it would attack someone’s goat or sheep and drag it in its mouth deep into the forest and up on a tree.

The lion lacks these amazing abilities. In terms of general efficiency and productivity as jungle hunters, the leopard beats the lion, by many miles! Indeed, scientists have determined that, pound for pound (ie adjusted for differences in size and weight) the leopard is the strongest of all the big cat species.

It was for these reasons that the ancient Igbo revered the leopard as their totemic animal for strength, agility, boldness, and courage. And that is also why Igbo language is littered with similes, metaphors, adages and proverbs that use agụ to illustrate positive energy and abilities. Like “omekagụ”, “agụ nwa”, etcetera. And it is why many Igbo families and communities proudly took their names and sobriquets after agụ. Like “Umuagụ, Amagụ Dimagụ, Eziagụ, Duruagụ etc.

Today, as urban dwellers we can look down on the leopard. But to the Igbos of those jungle days, a snarling leopard on the loose was literally nature’s force unleashed. Every hamlet had a chant or cry that was used to alarm the community when a leopard was sighted. In my own area the chant was “ ọ wụ agụo!”. ( it is a leopard o!). Social codes dictated that a person who heard the cry also repeated it, till the entire community was alerted. And until the leopard was killed or confirmed to have returned to the deep forests, usual daily activities were suspended.

Children and women would not go the streams to fetch water. No one went to the farms nor led their sheep out to graze. Able bodied men were then organised, in groups, to track down the leopard. And think of it. Those men did not have guns. They went with spears, bows and sticks. Combating the leopard in these situations was an act of extraordinary bravery and patriotism – risking one’s life for the safety of the community. That explains why the person who eventually killed the leopard instantly became a hero and given the honorific Ogbu Agụ.

And eating a leopard meet was a once-in-a-generation-experience. Till today Igbos use the metaphor ọbụ anụ agụ? (is it a leopard meet?) to question the value of a highly priced or scarce commodity. Of course, the leopard skin was dried and kept by the leopard killer. He and his descendant would display it with pride for hundreds of years afterwards. And legend has it that reputable native doctors harvested the leopard’s bile/gall and used it to prepare the most potent charms or medicines, that warriors drank to boost their bravery and ferocity during inter-tribal wars.

Very perplexing was this elusive and powerful animal to ancient Igbos, that they even considered it a mysterious creature. A reason many Igbo dialects added the suffix “mystery” or “invisible” (owo, owu, owuru orawolo) to its name. Many areas call it agụ owuru – ie, leopard of mystery, mysterious leopard, or leopard that suddenly appears and disappears. Igbo metaphysics believed that some men acquired powers to transform to leopard. To assume the nature and characteristics of a leopard, even for a short period, was considered an attainment of a transcendental and superior state of being.

Indeed, ancient Igbo cosmology explained the entire universe as being some mystical leopard persona.The weather system and visible changes in the skies were said to be a leopard, the sky leopard. The thick clouds that formed in the sky before rainfall were its shimmering eyes just waking from sleep. The movement of tick clouds was the movement of the leopard in its marauding character. The sparks of lightening that came before a thunder were the leopard’s flashing eyes. The thunder was its voice snarling in anger and ready to pounce. The heavy rains were its urine gushing with a force typical of its strength. And bright day was the sky leopard fully awake, with eyes wide open.

The Lion symbol is not originally Igbo

This portrayal of the lion as symbolic cultural icon of the Igbos is only recent. It is driven by the influence of modern media and foreign popular culture. We watch a lot of animal documentaries these days and read a lot of books that continue to inform us the lion is the king of the beasts. True! But they don’t tell us about the king of our forests.

Today in global popular culture (eg children cartoons, films, etc) we are taught to be like the lion. Because throughout histories and in many parts of the world the lion image has been used in stories, artworks, coats of arms, logos and advertisements to depict strength, ferocity, power, confidence and success. The bible and other major religious texts also contain the lion symbolism. And so, the Igbos yielded – completely! We abandoned our equivalent animal totem, and even had to distort our language as a result.

Yet Igbo folklore is filled with stories that reference “agụ” as the king of animals. First generation Igbo intellectuals had no misunderstanding that agụ was leopard. And they were acutely aware of its significance in the Igbo culture and worldview.

In Onuora Nzekwu’s classic novel Eze Goes to School (published 1963), the ravaging beast which held the people of Ohia hostage, which Eze’s father killed but later died from the wound it inflicted on him, was a leopard, not a lion. Anezi Okoro’s 1966 novel ‘The Village School’ featured an intriguing student. Ismael was popular amongst his mates because his father was a reputed hunter who killed a leopard and took the title “The Leopard Killer”.

In 1950 Cyprian Ekwensi published a novel entitled The Leopard’s Claw. Chinua Achebe later published a short story with the title “How the Leopard Got Its Claws”. He narrated an Igbo folktale featuring leopard as the king of the animals. Achebe’s other book ‘Anthills of The Savanah’ narrates the incident when the leopard, the king of the forest, was to kill the tortoise and how the tortoise scattered sand and grass. And in of ‘Arrow of God’ he masterfully devised an English translation of a popular Igbo proverb Agụ aghaghị ịmu ihe yiri agụ as “what the leopard sires cannot be different from the leopard”.

These men did not talk about the lion

Chukwumeka Ike’s novel “The Bottled Leopard” explores Igbo metaphysics in the context of interpersonal strife during primal times. It tells the story of how men acquired metaphysical powers and transformed to leopards to terrify their neighbours or attack their animals.

Wago the protagonist of The Great Ponds (the second novel of Elechi Amadi’s trilogy) was revered in the community because he killed a leopard. He was even hailed by the honorific “The Leopard Killer”. What surprised the members of the community was that the brave Leopard Killer later committed suicide, something they deemed an act of cowardice.

Gabriel Okara, an Ijaw man, was educated at Government Collage Umuahia and worked in Enugu for many years. He wrote the famous poem ‘The Drum and the Piano’. Romanticising primal African life, he used the imagery of a “leopard snarling about to leap and the hunters crouch with spears poised”.

If you’ve read the works of late great poet Christopher Okigbo, you will see repeated references to the leopard. In a manuscript drafting the poem ‘Land of Our Birth’ which he intended to be Biafra’s anthem, Okigbo wrote of Eastern Region’s (mostly Igbos) resolve to found its own republic: “This leopard is now unchained”.

Defunct Biafran Armed Forces published and circulated a periodic newsletter/bulletin to engage the masses. It was not for nothing that the brand name of that bulletin/newsletter was “The Leopard”. Indeed, the coat of arms of that republic, which was the same used by Eastern Region, proudly featured a charging leopard.

Stay true to who you are

Leopard skin (“akpụkpọ agụ”) was the totemic body-covering material in Igbo cultural foundations. In this modern era, if any fabric should be an emblem of Igbo culture, it is leopard skin fabrics. This lion symbol expresses nothing unique about the Igbo.

Totemic symbols embody and express the spirit, history, character and worldview of a people: what they have been through on their road to civilisation. How they see themselves in the world. The standards and qualities they aspire to, collectively and as individuals.

It is not difficult to see parallels between the leopard’s characteristics and core Igbo character: There is the leopard’s individualism – that Igbo man’s tendency to take his own destiny in his hands. The leopard is vigilant and opportunistic. The Igbo are wired to identify and take advantage of changing dynamics. Think of the spirit of enterprise and consider the leopard’s ability to perform feats that are out of proportion to its size. What about the leopard’s versatility? The Igbo excel in any enterprise they truly apply their energy to. And then adaptability. The Igbo have not only survived different challenging conditions and thrived in different regions and environments. They have tuned adversities to opportunities and made huge successes out of nothing.

No imperial influence has forced the Scots to abandon the tartan. Nor has centuries of persecution swayed Jews to discard the yarmulke. The leopard was also the animal totem of the Zulu. That proud people of South Africa remain proud of it. Why then did the Igbo falter?

Written by: Anozie Awambu
Edited by: Buike Oparaugo

Very perplexing was this elusive and powerful animal to ancient Igbos, that they even considered it a mysterious creature. A reason many Igbo dialects added the suffix “mystery” or “invisible” (owo, owu, owuru orawolo) to its name. Many areas call it agụ owuru – ie, leopard of mystery, mysterious leopard, or leopard that suddenly appears and disappears. Igbo metaphysics believed that some men acquired powers to transform to leopard.